Effect of Artificial Ageing Using Different Wood Chips on Physico-chemical, Sensory and Antimicrobial Properties of Apple Tea Wine

Abstract: Freshly prepared apple tea wine (a combination of tea extract and apple juice) is having yeasty and dull flavour, which needs to be improved to increase the acceptability of this product. Therefore, an attempt has been made for artificial ageing of apple tea wine using different wood chips to improve its physico-chemical, sensory and antimicrobial attributes. Different types of wood chips (Quercus spp., Bombax spp. and Acacia spp.) were added respectively (2.5 g/L to the freshly prepared apple tea wine) and allowed for ageing in carboys for the six months at the room temperature. The influence of each wood species on physico-chemical, sensory and antimicrobial attributes was tested upto 6 months of storage. Storage intervals significantly affected all the physico-chemical attributes (except total sugars, volatile acidity, and antioxidant activity), whereas, the addition of wood chips affected titratable acidity, ethanol, higher alcohols, total phenols, and amino acid. Cluster analysis of the physico-chemical attributes data revealed the same and showed that storage intervals exerted more effect on the physico-chemical and antimicrobial properties of the apple tea wine rather than the wood chips. The antimicrobial activity of 6 months aged wine was low as compared to the fresh wine. Among all the wood chips, apple tea wine aged with Quercus spp. possesses a significantly higher score (according to desirability) than the wine aged with other wood chips and control. In nutshell, apple tea wine matured with Quercus spp. wood chips for 6 months were the best with improved physico-chemical and sensory attributes.

Caracterização físico-química de fermentado alcoólico de jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba Berg) / Physicochemical characterization of jabuticaba (Myrciaria jaboticaba Berg) wines

O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de elaborar bebida alcoólica fermentada a partir da polpa de jabuticaba e determinar a atividade antioxidante desse fermentado alcoólico. A partir da polpa, foi preparado mosto e inoculado com Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CCMA 0200, o processo fermentativo foi conduzido em fermentadores com capacidade de 6 L a22˚C. As fermentações foram monitoradas diariamente e amostras foram retiradas para análises cromatográficas. Ao fim da fermentação foram analisados o teor de compostos fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante. O teor de etanol, ao final do processo fermentativo foi de 67,3 g.L-1 e foram identificados 25 compostos voláteis. O fermentado alcoólico de jabuticaba além de apresentar compostos importantes para o sabor e o aroma da bebida, possuem antioxidantes que são fontes de substâncias bioativas.

Chemical characterization of South American red wines / Caracterização química de vinhos tintos sul americanos

In this study, 83 wines considered by experts as representatives of the following commercial categories: "Argentinean Malbec (AM)", "Brazilian Merlot (BM)", "Uruguayan Tannat (UT)" and "Chilean Carménère (CC)" were analyzed according to their composition of phenolic, volatiles and semi-volatiles compounds. The objective was to identify the chemical compounds profile that characterized each commercial category. From about 600 peaks obtained by chromatographic techniques, 169 were identified and 53 of them were selected for multivariate statistical analysis. Four clusters, designated as "Chemical Categories" were obtained. Chemical Category 2 and Chemical Category 4 were composed by 90% of CC and 68% of AM respectively, Chemical Category 3 grouped mostly CC (50%) and BM (36%), while Chemical Category 1 showed predominance of AM (37%) and UT (30%). Based on the chemical classification, CC wines were characterized by higher content of Isopentyl lactate, Isobutyl alcohol, Ionone, malvidin and gallic acid and lower content of rutin, quercetin and resveratrol. On the other side, AM wines showed higher concentration of myricetin. UT wines had the highest antioxidant activity, higher content of quercetin, epicatechin, rutin and also the highest amount of all semi-volatiles detected in the negative mode, while BM wines only showed the highest concentration of catechin, petunidin and all semi-volatiles detected in the positive mode. Considering that phenolic and volatile compounds are strictly associated to the wines sensory characteristics, these data can contribute to establish criteria for further wines authentication and typification

Neste estudo, 83 vinhos considerados por especialistas como representantes das seguintes categorias comerciais: "Malbec Argentino (AM)", "Merlot Brasileiro (BM)", "Tannat Uruguaio (UT)" e "Carménere Chileno (CC)" foram analisados de acordo com a sua composição de compostos fenólicos, voláteis e semi-voláteis. O objetivo foi identificar a combinação dos compostos químicos que caracteriza cada categoria comercial. De cerca de 600 picos obtidos por técnicas cromatográficas, 169 foram identificados e 53 deles foram selecionados para análise estatística multivariada. Quatro clusters, designados como "Categorias Químicas" foram obtidos. A Categoria Química 2 e a Categoria Química 4 foram compostas por 90% de CC e 68% de AM respectivamente, a Categoria Química 3 agrupou principalmente CC (50%) e BM (36%), enquanto a Categoria Química 1 mostrou predominância de AM (37%) e UT (30%). Com base na classificação química, os vinhos CC foram caracterizados por apresentarem maior teor de lactato isopentílico, álcool isobutílico, ionona, malvidina e ácido gálico e menor teor de rutina, quercetina e resveratrol. Por outro lado, os vinhos AM apresentaram maior concentração de miricetina. Os vinhos UT apresentaram a maior atividade antioxidante, maior teor de quercetina, epicatequina, rutina e também a maior quantidade de todos os semi-voláteis detectados no modo negativo, enquanto os vinhos BM apresentaram a maior concentração de catequina, petunidina e todos os semi-voláteis detectados no modo positivo. Considerando que compostos fenólicos e voláteis estão estritamente associados às características sensoriais dos vinhos, esses dados podem contribuir para o estabelecimento de critérios para posterior autenticação e tipificação de vinhos sul americanos

Avaliação físico-química e sensorial de vinho de jabuticaba submetido a tratamento de radiação gama / Physical-chemical and sensorial evaluation of jaboticaba wine subjected to gamma radiation treatment

A jabuticaba é uma fruta tropical, tipicamente brasileira, sendo originária da região centro-sul. Popularmente apreciada por suas características sensoriais in natura, mas também pela utilização em produtos processados como geleias, licores e bebidas fermentadas (SASSO; CITADIN; DANNER, 2010). Apesar da designação vinho referir- -se segundo a Lei nº 7.678, de 08 de novembro de 1988 (BRASIL, 1988) como "bebida proveniente da fermentação alcoólica de mosto de uva sã, fresca e madura", é permitido pela Portaria Nº 64, de 23 de abril de 2008 a produção de vinhos de outras frutas (BRASIL, 2008), desde que se indique o nome da fruta no rótulo após a palavra vinho, como por exemplo vinho de jabuticaba.(AU)

Effect of different presentations of resveratrol on cell proliferation and epitelial thickness of the oral mucosa of wistar rats

Introduction: Grape is one of the most important fruit crops across the world and can be consumed in different ways. There has been a growing interest in the role of antioxidants such as resveratrol, which can be found in grape skin, in oral and dental tissues. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the effect of different presentations of resveratrol on cell proliferation and epithelial thickness of the oral mucosa of Wistar rats. Methods: Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: water/control, red wine, grape juice, 12% alcoholic solution/ethanol and aqueous solution of resveratrol. Samples of palatal and tongue mucosa were collected for a histomorphometric analysis using hematoxylin-eosin staining and the argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) technique for quantification of cell proliferation. Results: As to epithelial thickness, both the tongue and the palate showed a statistically significant difference between the control group and the other groups, with greater decrease in the resveratrol and the wine groups. In the suprabasal layer of both the tongue and the palate epithelium, red wine reduced the rate of cell proliferation, while ethanol increased it. In the basal layer of the tongue epithelium, there was a statistically significant difference between the control, the grape juice and the resveratrol groups and the ethanol group, with increased cell proliferation in the ethanol group. Conclusions: Wine does not interfere in the physiological renewal of the basal layer of the buccal epithelium and exerts a protective action by reducing the cell proliferation rate of the suprabasal layer (AU)

Bacteria isolated from Korean black raspberry vinegar with low biogenic amine production in wine

Abstract A high concentration of histamine, one of the biogenic amines (BAs) usually found in fermented foods, can cause undesirable physiological side effects in sensitive humans. The objective of this study is to isolate indigenous Acetobacter strains from naturally fermented Bokbunja vinegar in Korea with reduced histamine production during starter fermentation. Further, we examined its physiological and biochemical properties, including BA synthesis. The obtained strain MBA-77, identified as Acetobacter aceti by 16S rDNA homology and biochemical analysis and named A. aceti MBA-77. A. aceti MBA-77 showed optimal acidity % production at pH 5; the optimal temperature was 25 °C. When we prepared and examined the BAs synthesis spectrum during the fermentation process, Bokbunja wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that the histamine concentration increased from 2.72 of Bokbunja extract to 5.29 mg/L and cadaverine and dopamine was decreased to 2.6 and 10.12 mg/L, respectively. Bokbunja vinegar prepared by A. aceti MBA-77 as the starter, the histamine concentration of the vinegar preparation step was decreased up to 3.66 mg/L from 5.29 mg/L in the wine preparation step. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate acetic acid bacteria isolated from Bokbunja seed vinegar with low spectrum BA and would be useful for wellbeing vinegar preparation.

Impact of pectolytic enzyme on the fermentation time and free-run juice rate of Sharad red wine.

We evaluated the effect of addition of commercially available pectolytic enzyme preparations in the must from Sharad variety, cultivated in India and its influence on some oenological parameters of red wine. The small scale fermentations demonstrated marked difference of organoleptic (colour) and rheologic characteristics (filterability, settling rates) and aroma between enzyme treated samples and control samples. We observed 29% enhancement in free-run juice yield and a remarkable 43% reduction in the fermentation time compared to the control. This biotechnological approach has demonstrated the economic feasibility and the benefits of adding 0.05 g. Kg-1 grapes pectolytic enzyme in terms of yield, aroma, colour, clarity and fermentation period.

Ação da radiação ultravioleta na redução da microbiota do caldo de cana para produção de cachaça / Effect of ultraviolet radiation on microbial reduction of sugarcane juice for the production of cachaça

O processo fermentativo para produção de cachaça é influenciado pela qualidade da matéria-prima. Uma matéria-prima que contenha alta carga microbiana resultará em uma fermentação ineficiente, cujo resultado é refletido na qualidade final da cachaça. Objetivou-se nesta investigação avaliar a ação da radiação ultravioleta como desinfetante alternativo na desinfecção do caldo de cana para produção de cachaça. Confeccionou-se uma câmara de tratamento do caldo de cana com uma parte inferior e cinco tampos para instalação das lâmpadas germicidas por radiação ultravioleta. A câmara foi instalada na saída da moenda. A eficiência do tratamento foi avaliada através de análises microbiológicas do caldo de cana em cinco tempos de tratamento. O delineamento estatístico do experimento foi o inteiramente casualizado. As análises microbiológicas apresentaram um P valor de 64,63%. As análises de acidez, porcentagem de álcool e pH do vinho irradiado e não irradiado apresentaram um P valor maior que 0,05% As cachaças produzidas com caldo de cana irradiado e não irradiado apresentaram valores que estão de acordo com a legislação vigente. Concluiu-se que as características físico-químicas do caldo de cana foram influenciadas pela radiação U.V. sobre os micro-organismos presentes no mesmo, eliminando uma pequena parte destes, estatisticamente não significativas.

The fermentation process for the production of cachaça (the most popular alcoholic distilled beverage) in Brazil is influenced by the quality of the raw material. Thus any raw material containing a high microbial load results in an ineffective fermentation, which is reflected on the final quality of the cachaça. This study evaluated the action of ultraviolet radiation as an alternative disinfectant for cachaça-producing sugarcane juice. The experiment was carried out at the TUCANINHA cachaça-producing unit in the city of São João Batista do Glória, MG. A 10.0m × 43cm × 13cm aluminum plate treatment chamber was made with five 2.0 × 43cm × 14cm heads for germicidal UV lamps. The chamber was installed at the outlet of the mill for the passage of the UV-treated sugarcane juice in a continuous flow system. The effectiveness of the treatment was assayed by microbiological analyses of the cane juice at five treatment times. The statistical design was completely randomized, with five treatments and three replications, with a P value of 64.63%. Two types of fermented wines were analyzed: those from UV radiation-treated broth and the ones from untreated broth, consideration two treatments and 10 repetitions. The tests for acidity, alcohol percentage, and pH showed a P value higher than 0.05%. The cachaças produced with irradiated and non-irradiated sugarcane juice showed values in accordance with the current legislation. It was concluded that the physical and chemical characteristics of the sugarcane juice was influenced for the action of the U.V. radiation on the cane juice microorganisms. Only a small amount of microorganisms were eliminated, what demonstrates that ultraviolet radiation is not effective to eliminate the microbiota of sugarcane juice.

Mecanismos moleculares de ação anti-inflamatória e antioxidante de polifenóis de uvas e vinho tinto na aterosclerose / Molecular mechanisms of action of grape and red wine polyphenols against oxidative and inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis

Este trabalho visa investigar os possíveis mecanismos moleculares de ação dos polifenóis de uvas e vinho tinto contra os processos oxidativos e inflamatórios envolvidos na aterosclerose. Trata-se de um estudo de revisão de literatura realizado por meio de buscas nas bases de dados PubMed e ScienceDirect utilizando os seguintes descritores: vinho tinto, uva, polifenóis, resveratrol, aterosclerose, LDL-oxidada, inflamação, estresse oxidativo, NF-kB, AP-1, Nrf2, SIRT-1, MicroRNA. Embora tais mecanismos ainda não estejam totalmente esclarecidos, os estudos indicam que compostos fenólicos presentes em uvas podem se complexar com metais (como ferro e cobre) que provocam peroxidação dos lipídios, aumentam a atividade antioxidante do plasma, associam-se com a LDL-c aumentando sua resistência à oxidação, preservam a atividade da enzima paraoxonase, neutralizam radicais livres, e ativam fatores de transcrição como o Nrf2, que aumenta a expressão de genes que codificam proteínas importantes na defesa antioxidante, como a superóxido dismutase e a glutationa peroxidase. Além disso, os polifenóis inibem a fosforilação de MAP quinases, inibindo assim os fatores de transcrição NF-kB e AP-1 e, consequentemente, reduzindo a síntese do TNF-á, interleucinas, moléculas de adesão e quimiocinas. Também inibem a atividade das enzimas cicloxigenase e lipoxigenase. Outro mecanismo proposto é a ação do resveratrol sobre a atividade de deacetilases de histonas, como a SITR-1. Estas ações em conjunto reduzem a oxidação da LDL-c e o processo inflamatório, atenuando o processo aterogênico.

This study aimed to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms of action of grape and red wine polyphenols against oxidativeand inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis. This is a literature review performed by searching in the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases using the following descriptors: red wine, grape, polyphenols, resveratrol, atherosclerosis, oxidized LDL, inflammation, oxidative stress, NF-kB, AP-1, Nrf2, SIRT-1, MicroRNA. Although the mechanisms are not fully understood, studies indicate that phenolic compounds possibly complex with metals (such as iron and copper), or else they increase the antioxidant activity of plasma and also preserve the activity of enzyme paraoxonase. Moreover, the polyphenols neutralize free radicals and activate transcription factors, for example Nrf2, which increases the expression of genes that encode important proteins in antioxidant defense (such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase). Additionally, polyphenols inhibit the phosphorylation of MAP kinases, causing a blocking effect on the transcription factors NF-kB and AP-1 and, consequently, blocking the synthesis of TNF-α, interleukins, chemokines and molecules adhesion. Moreover, it can inhibit the activity of the cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. Another proposed mechanism is the action of resveratrol on the activity of histone deacetylases, as SIRT-1. These actions together reduce the oxidation of LDL-c and the inflammatory process, attenuating the atherogenic process

Development and characterization of hybrids from native wine yeasts

For commercial purposes, the winemaking industry is constantly searching for new yeast strains. Historically, this has been achieved by collecting wild strains and selecting the best for industrial use through an enological evaluation. Furthermore, the increasing consumer demands have forced the industry to incorporate new strategies such as genetic engineering to obtain improved strains. In response to the lack of public acceptance of this methodology, alternative strategies based on breeding have gained acceptance in recent years. Through the use of conjugation of individual spores without the support of genetic engineering methods we generated intraspecific hybrids from wild strains with outstanding enological characteristics and interdelta fingerprinting was used to confirm the hybrid condition. A detailed enological characterization of the hybrids in synthetic and natural must indicates that physiological parameters such as sporulation, residual sugar, ethanol yield and total nitrogen uptake are within the levels determined for the parental strains, however, other parameters such as growth rate, lag phase and ethanol production show statistical differences with some parental or commercial strains. These findings allow us to propose these hybrids as new wine-making strains.

Efeitos dos componentes do vinho na função cardiovascular / Effects of wine components on cardiovascular function

Cardiovascular diseases are among the leading causes of death around the world. The prevention of these diseases is directly related to the consumption of certain foods, such as wine, which may bring benefits to the body and the cardiovascular system. Original articles and reviews were used in this essay which aims to investigate the effects of wine consumption, especially on the cardiovascular system. Wine is an alcoholic beverage obtained from the processing of organic grapes, it has substances called polyphenols which are the major compounds responsible for these beneficial effects. Among polyphenols, we can emphasize resveratrol, a substance which is mainly present in red grapes, reduces platelet aggregation and helps in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Like the wine, the grape juice also contains these substances, but the effects are not the same because of the difference in the absorption of these polyphenols. The types of grapes also contain different amounts of this substance. Studies high light that the Sangiovese, Merlot and Tannat varieties have higher concentrations of resveratrol and consequently a greater cardio-protective effect. The consumption of wine must be regular and moderate to avoid risks to health, though. In regular and moderate doses, wine can act beneficially in the body. The benefits of wine consumption to the cardiovascular system cannot be denied, but further studies must be conducted to clarify questions like which is the ideal amount of resveratrol recommended and what are other possible effects of its consumption.

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares están entre las principales causas de óbito en el mundo. El consumo de algunos alimentos esta directamente ligado a la prevención de estas enfermedades, como es el caso del vino, que puede producir efectos benéficos al organismo yal sistema cardiovascular. En este análisis fueran utilizados artículos originales y de revisión, y el objetivo fue pesquisar los efectos causados por el consumo de vino, principalmente en el sistema cardiovascular. El vino es una bebida alcohólica resultante de la transformación biológica de la uva, posee sustancias denominadas polifenoles que son los grandes responsables por los efectos benéficos. Entre los polifenoles se destacan el resveratrol, sustancia presente principalmenteen las uvas tintas y que actúa previniendo la ateroesclerosis por disminuir la agregación plaquetaria. Así como el vino, el jugo de uva posee estas sustancias, pero los efectos no son los mismos porque la absorción de los polifenoleses diferente. Los tipos de uvas también poseen diferentes cantidades de estas sustancias. Los estudios destacan las variedades Sangiovese, Merlot y Tannat con mayores concentraciones de resveratrol y, consecuentemente, mayor efecto en la protección cardiovascular. Pero el consumo de vino debe ser regular y moderado para que no traiga riesgos a la salud, en dosis regulares y moderadas el vino puede actuar benéficamente en el organismo. Son innegableslos beneficios del consumo de vino al sistema cardiovascular, pero más estudios deben serrealizados para aclarar las dudas acerca de la cantidad ideal recomendada de resveratrol asícomo otros efectos del consumo.

As doenças cardiovasculares estão entre as principais causas de morte no mundo. O consumo de alguns alimentos está diretamente ligado à prevenção dessas doenças, como é o caso do vinho, que pode produzir efeitos benéficos ao organismo e ao sistema cardiovascular. Neste levantamento bibliográfico, foram utilizados artigos originais e de revisão como objetivo de abordar os efeitos causados pelo consumo de vinho, principalmente ao sistema cardiovascular. O vinho é uma bebida alcoólica resultante da transformação biológicada uva. Possui substâncias denominadas polifenóis, responsáveis pelos efeitos benéficos.Entre os polifenóis destaca-se o resveratrol, substância presente principalmente nas uvas tintas e que age prevenindo a aterosclerosepor diminuir a agregação plaquetária. Assim,como o vinho, o suco de uva possui tais substâncias, porém os efeitos não são os mesmos, diferenciando-se na absorção dos polifenóis. Os tipos de uvas também possuem quantidades diferentes desta substância. Estudos destacam as variedades Sangiovese, Merlot e Tannat com maiores concentrações de resveratrol e, consequentemente, maior efeito cardioprotetor. O consumo de vinho deve ser regular e moderado para que não traga riscos para a saúde, dessa forma o vinho pode atuar beneficamente no organismo. São inegáveis os benefícios do consumo de vinho ao sistema cardiovascular, porém mais estudos devem ser realizados para esclarecer dúvidas em relação à quantidade ideal recomendada de resveratrol, assim como outros efeitos do seu consumo.

Aquecimento de vinho tinto e suco de uva utilizados em preparações culinárias não afeta a capacidade antioxidante e o teor de fenóis totais / Heating of red wine and grape juice in food preparations does not affect their antioxidant capacity and total phenol content

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade antioxidante e a concentração dos compostos fenólicos de vinho tinto e suco de uva utilizados em preparações culinárias, quando submetidos ao processo de fervura. Métodos: A avaliação ocorreu após diferentes períodos de aquecimento (100ºC) em dois sistemas: i) panela de alumínio e chama de fogão e ii) balão de vidro e manta térmica. Amostras comerciais de vinho tinto (n=4) e suco de uva integral (n=4) foram submetidas à fervura por 10, 20 e 60 minutos. Antes e após cada período de fervura, a capacidade antioxidante total foi avaliada pela medida do potencial redutor férrico, e o teor de fenóis totais foi quantificado pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteau. As diferenças foram comparadas pela análise de variância para medidas repetidas (p<0,05). Resultados: A fervura durante os diferentes períodos de tempo não provocou variações importantes na capacidade antioxidante total e no teor de fenóis totais das bebidas, independentemente do sistema de aquecimento utilizado. Conclusão: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, as propriedades antioxidantes do vinho tinto e do suco de uva, quando submetidos à fervura por até 60 minutos, mantiveram-se relativamente estáveis.

Objective: This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity and concentration of phenolic compounds in red wine and grape juice used in culinary preparations subjected to boiling. Methods: The assessments were done after different boiling times (100ºC) using two systems: i) aluminum pot and stove flame and ii) volumetric flask and heating mantle. Samples of red wine (n=4) and grape juice (n=4) were subjected to boiling for 10, 20 and 60 minutes. Before and after each boiling period, the total antioxidant capacity was evaluated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay and the total phenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Differences were compared by repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA) (p<0.05). Results: The different boiling times did not cause significant changes in the total antioxidant capacity or total phenol content of the beverages, regardless of boiling method. Conclusion: The results show that the antioxidant properties of red wine and grape juice did not change significantly after boiling for 60 minutes.

Associação entre atividade antioxidante in vitro e características químicas, sensoriais, cromáticas e comerciais de vinhos tintos Sul-Americanos / Association between in vitro antioxidant activity and chemical, sensory, chromatic and commercial characteristics of South-American red wines

O vinho tinto é rico em compostos fenólicos com atividade antioxidante, capazes de inativar espécies reativas de oxigênio, minimizando danos celulares oriundos do estresse oxidativo, proporcionando uma redução de risco para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Assim, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar associações entre a atividade antioxidante in vitro e fatores relacionados ao tipo de uva, região de produção, perfil sensorial, safra, valor comercial e concentração de compostos fenólicos de vinhos tintos produzidos no Brasil, Chile e Argentina. Inicialmente, os vinhos brasileiros (n=29) foram avaliados em relação à atividade antioxidante (ORAC e DPPH), cor instrumental e compostos fenólicos majoritários, no intuito de verificar qual classe de fenólicos estaria associada com a atividade antioxidante. Verificou-se que tanto os compostos fenólicos totais como os flavonóides totais, com destaque aos flavonóides não-antociânicos, se associaram significativamente (p<0,05) com a atividade antioxidante. Em um segundo passo, as características sensoriais, a cor, o valor comercial e a atividade antioxidante das 80 amostras de vinhos Sul-Americanos, distribuídas em Merlot (n=9), Pinot Noir (n=17), Malbec (n=11), Syrah (n=12), Cabernet Sauvignon (n=24), e vinhos de uvas americanas (Vitis labrusca) (n=7) foram avaliados usando estatística multivariada, objetivando-se verificar se a qualidade sensorial das amostras estaria associada com o valor comercial, cor, e à atividade antioxidante. De uma forma geral, os vinhos chilenos e argentinos apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante, valor comercial, intensidade de odor, qualidade sensorial, índice de acidez e taninos, ao passo que os vinhos brasileiros obtiveram os menores valores para os atributos sensoriais. Os vinhos de uvas americanas apresentaram menores valores para todas as variáveis. As varietais Syrah, Malbec e Cabernet Sauvignon apresentaram maior capacidade antioxidante e melhores características ...

Red wine is rich in phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity, being able to buffer reactive oxygen species, thus decreasing the risk of non-transmissible chronic diseases. In this regard, the objectives of this research aimed at identifying associations between the in vitro antioxidant activity and factors related to grape varietal, region of production, sensory profile, vintage, color, commercial value, and concentration of phenolic compounds of red wines produced in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. Initially, the Brazilian red wines (n = 29) were assessed in relation to antioxidant activity, instrumental color, and major phenolic compounds with the objective to verify which phenolic class was associated with the antioxidant activity. Both the total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, with special attention to non-anthocyanin flavonoids, were significantly associated with the antioxidant activity. In a second step, the sensory characteristics, color, commercial value, and antioxidant activity of the 80 red wine samples, which were distributed in Merlot (n=9), Pinot Noir (n=17), Malbec (n=11), Syrah (n=12), Cabernet Sauvignon (n=24), and table wines (Vitis labrusca) (n=7) were evaluated using multivariate statistical techniques, with the aim to verify how the overall perception of quality of wines was related to commercial value, color and antioxidant activity. In a general way, te Chilean and Argentinean red wines displayed a higher antioxidant activity, commercial value, intensity of odors, sensory perception of quality, acidity level, and tannin level, whereas the Brazilian samples obtained the lowest values for the sensory attributes. The table wines presented the lowest values for all response variables. Syrah, Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon varietals presented the highest antioxidant activity and most favorable sensory features, and this result was independent of wine's vintage and origin. As a last step, the wines produced with V. vinifera grapes …

Fate of ochratoxin A content in Argentinean red wine during a pilot scale vinification / Evolución del contenido de ocratoxina A en vinos tintos argentinos durante el proceso de vinificación a escala piloto

The aim of this work was to evaluate the fate of ochratoxin A (OTA) content from must to wine during the red wine making process in a pilot scale vinification. The study was done using musts obtained from two red grape varieties (Bonarda and Tempranillo) artificially contaminated with two OTA levels. A duplicate set of tanks of 100 l each was established for each must (Bonarda and Tempranillo). The fermentations were initiated by inoculation of two Saccharomyces spp. strains having different fermentation performance. The must from the Tempranillo variety was spiked with 6 μg/l of OTA while that from the Bonarda variety with 0.3 μg/l of the toxin. Samples were collected at different stages of the process. Performance of the alcoholic and malolactic fermentations was monitored. Titratable and volatile acidity, pH, ethanol, sugar and SO2 concentrations were determined following standard methods proposed by the Office International de la Vigne et du Vin (OIV). OTA analysis was done by HPLC. Detection and quantification limits were 0.01 and 0.1 ng/ml, respectively. The OTA levels during the vinification trials dropped to an average of about 86.5%. The type of Saccharomyces strains used showed no effect on toxin reduction.

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la evolución del contenido de ocratoxina A (OTA) en mostos durante un proceso de vinificación a escala piloto. Se utilizaron mostos de dos variedades de uvas tintas (Bonarda y Tempranillo) contaminados artificialmente con dos niveles distintos de OTA. El ensayo fue llevado a cabo por duplicado en tanques de fermentación de 100 l cada uno. La fermentación se inició mediante la inoculación de dos cepas de Saccharomyces spp. con diferentes características fermentativas. El mosto de la variedad Tempranillo fue contaminado con 6 μg/l de OTA y el mosto de la variedad Bonarda con 0,3 μg/l de la toxina. Se colectaron muestras durante los diferentes estadios del proceso de vinificación. Se estableció el avance de dicho proceso sobre la base de la evolución de las fermentaciones alcohólica y maloláctica. Se determinó la acidez total y volátil, el pH y el contenido de etanol, de azúcar y de SO2 siguiendo los protocolos estándares propuestos por la Oficina Internacional de la Vid y el Vino (OIV). El contenido de OTA se evaluó por HPLC. Los límites de detección y cuantificación fueron 0,01 y 0,1 ng/ml, respectivamente. Los niveles de OTA disminuyeron alrededor del 86,5% al final del proceso de vinificación. El tipo de cepa de Saccharomyces spp. utilizada no tuvo efecto sobre la reducción de OTA.

Spoilage yeasts in Patagonian winemaking: molecular and physiological features of Pichia guilliermondii indigenous isolates / Levaduras contaminantes en vinos patagónicos: características moleculares y fisiológicas de los aislamientos indígenas de Picchia guilliermondii

Yeasts belonging to the genus Dekkera/Brettanomyces, especially the species Dekkera bruxellensis, have long been associated with the production of volatile phenols responsible for off-flavour in wines. According to recent reports, the species Pichia guilliermondii could also produce these compounds at the initial stages of fermentation. Based on the abundance of P. guilliermondii in Patagonian winemaking, we decided to study the relevance of indigenous isolates belonging to this species as wine spoilage yeast. Twenty-three indigenous isolates obtained from grape surfaces and red wine musts were analyzed in their capacity to produce volatile phenols on grape must. The relationship between molecular Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and physiological (killer biotype) patterns detected in indigenous populations of P. guilliermondii and volatile phenol production was also evaluated. Different production levels of 4-ethylphenol, 4-vinylguaiacol and 4-ethylguaiacol were detected among the isolates; however, the values were always lower than those produced by the D. bruxellensis reference strain in the same conditions. High levels of 4-vinylphenol were detected among P. guilliermondii indigenous isolates. The combined use of RAPD and killer biotype allowed us to identify the isolates producing the highest volatile phenol levels.

Las levaduras del género Dekkera/Brettanomyces, sobre todo la especie Dekkera bruxellensis, siempre han sido asociadas con la producción de fenoles volátiles responsables de aromas desagradables en los vinos. Recientemente, se ha demostrado que la especie Pichia guilliermondii también es capaz de producir estos compuestos, particularmente durante las etapas iniciales de la fermentación. Dada la abundancia de P. guilliermondii en las bodegas de la Patagonia, se decidió evaluar la importancia de algunos aislamientos indígenas de esta especie como levaduras alterantes de vinos regionales. Se evaluó la capacidad de producir fenoles volátiles en ensayos sobre mosto de 23 aislamientos de P. guilliermondii provenientes de superficie de uvas y de mostos de fermentación de vinos tintos. Asimismo, se analizó la relación entre los patrones moleculares (RAPD) y fisiológicos (biotipo killer) de estos aislamientos y la producción de fenoles volátiles. Se detectaron diferentes niveles de producción de 4-etilfenol, 4-vinilguayacol y 4-etilguayacol entre los aislamientos de P. guilliermondii analizados; sin embargo, los valores obtenidos fueron en todos los casos inferiores a los producidos por D. bruxellensis cepa de referencia en las mismas condiciones. En general, se detectaron altos niveles de 4-vinilfenol en los mostos fermentados con los aislamientos indígenas de P. guilliermondii. El uso combinado de RAPD-PCR y el biotipo killer permitió identificar los aislamientos que producen los niveles más altos de fenoles volátiles.

Microinjerto in vitro de vid (Vitis vinifera) / In vitro micrograft of vine (Vitis viniferous)

Se implementó la técnica de microinjerto in vitro de meristemos apicales de dos variedades productoras de vid, además trata de la importancia del cultivo de la vid en Bolivia tomando en cuenta la calidad de los viñedos.